Its based on post-WW2 Japan trying to get back on its feet by sending a group of people to South Pole to show the world that Japan isn't the underdog even if it did lose in WW2.
This doesn't only tell about the group of people that went on the expedition, but also a group of 20 dogs that went with them and about two dogs (brothers) in particular: Taro and Jiro
Taro is considered a hero and his body is displayed in National Museum of Nature and Science in Ueno, Tokyo together with well known and loved Hachiko. Jiro can be found in Hokkaido University.
Forgot to mention that there is actually an American movie based on this story too.. Eight Below. I've seen it some years ago and thus know what is going to happen..